<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>May–Thurner syndrome (MTS), also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, involves the compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery, leading to discomfort, swelling, pain, or iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. This compression causes blood stasis, predisposing to clot formation. MTS can also involve the right iliac vein and other venous segments, now broadly termed nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVL). Symptoms include leg swelling, pain, tingling, and numbness, often misdiagnosed as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Diagnosis involves imaging techniques like venography, intravascular ultrasound, and CT scans. Treatment ranges from compression stockings for mild cases to thrombolysis, angioplasty, and stenting for severe cases. MTS is more common in women and typically presents in the second to fourth decades of life."> May–Thurner syndrome</a>

Nutcracker Syndrome

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>The nutcracker syndrome (NCS) results most often from compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The signs and symptoms of NCS are all derived from the outflow obstruction of the left renal vein. Nutcracker syndrome is diagnosed through imaging such as doppler ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and venography. The selection of the imaging modality is a step-wise process. DUS is the initial choice after clinical suspicion based on symptoms. Differential Diagnosis includes pelvic congestion syndrome, renal stones, May-Thurner Syndrome, genitourinary malignancy, loin pain hematuria syndrome.  Treatment can be conservative or surgical. Conservative management is advised for children; involves weight gain and medications to decrease blood pressure. Surgical Management consists of open and laparoscopic procedures. Open procedures: left renal vein transposition, gonadal vein transposition, renocaval bypass, renal autotransplantation. Endovascular Procedures: Use of stents to improve blood flow; requires anticoagulation therapy post-procedure."> Nutcracker Syndrome</a>

Stage 1 Pressure Injury Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer Deep Tissue Injury

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/1776.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> Stage 1 Pressure Injury: an observable, pressure-related alteration of intact skin whose indicators, as compared with an adjacent or opposite area on the body, may include changes in one or more of the following parameters: skin temperature (warmth or coolness); tissue consistency (firm or boggy); sensation (pain, itching); and /or a defined area of persistent redness in lightly pigmented skin. In darker skin tones, the injury may appear with persistent red, blue or purple hues.">Stage 1 Pressure Injury </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/1781.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> Stage 2 pressure ulcers are characterized by partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough or bruising. May also present as an intact or open/ruptured serum-filled blister">Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/1782.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> Stage 3 pressure ulcers are characterized by full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or muscle is not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. May include undermining or tunneling.">Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/1783.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> Stage 4 pressure ulcers are characterized by full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often includes undermining and tunneling.">Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/1785.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> A purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue ">Deep Tissue Injury </a>

Newly epithelialized wound Non-epithelialized wound

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/37467.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Newly epithelialized wound</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/37465.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Non-epithelialized wound</a>

Merkel cells

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Merkel cells are very close to the nerve endings that receive the sensation of touch and may be involved in touch. The cells also contain substances that may act as hormones."> Merkel cells</a>

hemidesmosomes

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Hemidesmosomes, named for their ultrastructural resemblance to half a desmosome, mediate adhesion between basal cells of epithelial tissues and the substratum "> hemidesmosomes </a>

lichenification , hypertrophy of wound edges,  skin scaling and shallow skin ulcerations 

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Palpable thickening of the skin with a rough dry appearance and  amplification of the skin crease lines usually related to repeated scratching or rubbing "> lichenification </a>

Livedo reticularis

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Livedo reticularis is a cutaneous physical sign characterized by transient or persistent, blotchy, reddish-blue to purple, net-like cyanotic pattern Sajjan VV et al, 2015">Livedo reticularis</a>

Livedo reticularis

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Livedo reticularis is a cutaneous physical sign characterized by transient or persistent, blotchy, reddish-blue to purple, net-like cyanotic pattern Sajjan VV et al, 2015">Livedo reticularis</a>

angiosome

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/13289.png ' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Angiosome is defined as a three-dimensional network of vessels that are present in all tissue layers between the skin and the bone. According to this concept, the location of an ulcer may offer a hint on which arteries are affected by stenosis or occlusion, in light of the corresponding angiosome. ">angiosome </a>

Hypergranulation Slough Eschar Granulation Epithelialization

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14306.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Hypergranulation</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14303.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Slough</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14304.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Eschar</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14301.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Granulation</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14302.png' class='img-responsive' ></a>">Epithelialization</a>

Livedo reticularis Livedo racemosa

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14265.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b> Livedo reticularis is a cutaneous physical sign characterized by transient or persistent, blotchy, reddish-blue to purple, net-like cyanotic pattern Sajjan  VV et al, 2015 ">Livedo reticularis </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/14264.png' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Livedo racemosa is a cutaneous finding characterized by a persistent, erythematous or violaceous discoloration of the skin, in a broken, branched, discontinuous and irregular pattern, that can be either restricted to the limbs or be diffuse. It is usually the first sign of a systemic vascular disorder.   Pincelli et al, 2020 ">Livedo racemosa </a>

Livedo reticularis

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b> Livedo reticularis is a cutaneous physical sign characterized by transient or persistent, blotchy, reddish-blue to purple, net-like cyanotic pattern Sajjan  VV et al, 2015 "> Livedo reticularis </a>

Livedo racemosa

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Livedo racemosa is a cutaneous finding characterized by a persistent, erythematous or violaceous discoloration of the skin, in a broken, branched, discontinuous and irregular pattern, that can be either restricted to the limbs or be diffuse. It is usually the first sign of a systemic vascular disorder.   Pincelli et al, 2020 ">Livedo racemosa </a>

Retiform purpura

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b> Retiform purpura is a specific morphology within the spectrum of reticulate eruptions of vascular origin. It develops when blood vessels serving the skin are compromised resulting in downstream cutaneous ischemia, purpura, and necrosis .   Georgesen et al, 2020 "> Retiform purpura </a>

morbilliform

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>The term morbilliform refers to a rash that looks like measles, that is, macular lesions that are red and usually 2–10 mm in diameter but may be confluent in places. "> morbilliform </a>

Introduction

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/13567.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Review the topics below at your own pace.">Introduction</a>

dorsalis pedis pulse

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/13447.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a>">dorsalis pedis pulse</a>

posterior tibial pulse

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/13446.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a>">posterior tibial pulse</a>

lipodermatosclerosis

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Severe fibrosing panniculitis of the subcutaneous tissue, area of indurated inflammatory tissue that binds the skin down to the subcutaneous tissue ">lipodermatosclerosis </a>

atrophie blanche

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Capillaries are virtually absent in areas of fibrotic scars, also known as livedoid vasculopathy "> atrophie blanche </a>

corona phlebectatica

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Venous starburst of veins radiating distally from the medial malleolus ">corona phlebectatica </a>

wasting (cachexia)

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Wasting (cachexia) is characterized by extreme loss of weight and skeletal muscle mass. Wasting can indicate ischemia, neurologic injuries, or long-term inactivity resulting from pain or a generally poor functional state. ">wasting (cachexia) </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fatty deposition symmetrically and bilaterally in the lower extremities. It almost exclusively affects females with positive family history. "> lipedema </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>The skin has a peripheral nervous system with sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation</b> <br> Types: <br> -  Aβ fibers: myelinated, fastest neural impulse conduction, responsible for tactile sensation <br> -  Aδ fibers: myelinated, respond to nociceptive stimuli such as cold and pressure (provide fast/first pain information)  <br> -  C fibers: unmyelinated, slowest neural impulse conduction, respond to temperature and pain stimuli (nociceptive). Type C fibers are also related to inflammation ">neuron fibers type C and Aδ </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b> Morphea is a skin condition that causes patches of reddish skin that thicken into firm, oval-shaped areas. It is a form of scleroderma. "> morphea </a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="</a><b>Leuconychia or leukonychia is a term used to describe white discoloration appearing on nails . "> leukonychia </a>

Picture

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/13419.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fatty deposition symmetrically and bilaterally in the lower extremities. It almost exclusively affects females with positive family history">Lipedema</a>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/10854.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Vivamus sagittis</b> lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">Popover Demo</a>

morphea Lipedema leukonychia

Another approach is to use popovers:

Popover Demo
Popover Demo

neuron fibers type C and Aδ

morphea

leukonychia

Another approach is to use popovers:
Popover Demo

Another approach is to use popovers:
Popover Demo

</p><p>Another approach is to use popovers:<br>

<a href="#" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-html="true" data-trigger="hover" data-content="<img src='https://woundreference.com/files/10854.jpg' class='img-responsive' ></a><b>Vivamus sagittis</b> lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">Popover Demo</a>